Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Jha, Nitesh Kumar
- A Study of Differences in Empathy and Sociomoral Reasoning in Offenders and Non Offenders
Abstract Views :303 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department ofPsychology Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, IN
2 Criminal Psychologist, Expressions Children Homes Organizations of India (ECHOI), New Delhi, IN
1 Department ofPsychology Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, IN
2 Criminal Psychologist, Expressions Children Homes Organizations of India (ECHOI), New Delhi, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, Vol 9, No 3 (2018), Pagination: 380-383Abstract
Crime and criminal behavior in society is not a simple phenomenon to understand. Crime is considered as an intentional act that violates the law of a particular society. When we talk about the differences in the way criminals interpret their social environment, we see that their social cognitions are different. Offenders draw conclusions on the basis of their personal social cognitions. Studies also indicate that the social moral values and the levels of empathy are different of criminals and the general population. Hence, this increases the offending rates in criminals. This study is taken up to understand the importance of two social cognitive variables of empathy and sociomoral reasoning and to find out whether the offenders differ from non-offenders on these two variables. A sample of 60 offenders and 60 non offenders will be taken. The psychological measures to be utilized in this study are Sociomoral Reflection Measure (Gibbs et al.,1992) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980). Statistical analysis will be applied to study differences on these two variables. Results will be elucidated on the basis of current scenario prevailing in the society and implications will be discussed.Keywords
Empathy, Sociomoral Reasoning, Offenders.
References
- Alloy, L. B., Jacobson, N. S., & Acocella, J. (1999). Abnormal psychology, current perspective (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill College.
- Bandura, A. (1973b). Social learning theory of aggression. In J. F. Kautson (Ed.), The control of aggression: Implications_from basic research. Chicago, 111: Aldine.
- Baron, A., Byrne, D., & Branscombe, N.A. (2008). Social Psychology. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
- Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2008). Current perspectives inforensic psychology and criminal behavior (2nd ed.). Sage Publication, p. 82.
- Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of UteratuiQ. Psychological Bulletin, 88,1-45.
- Caldwell, R.G. (1956). Criminology. New York: RonaldPress Co.
- Coyle, A., Fair, H., Jacobson, J., & Walmsley, R. (2016). Imprisonment-worldwide: The current situation and an altemative_future. Bristol: Policy Press.
- Davis, M. H. (1980). Amultidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalogue ofSelectedDocuments in Psychology, 10, 85.
- Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Critical issues in the study of empathy. In N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (p. 316). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, J. C. (1993). Moral-cognitive interventions. In A. P. Goldstein and C. R. Huff (Eds.), The gang intervention handbook (pp. 159-185). Champaign, IL: Research Press.
- Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., & Fuller, D. (1992). Moral maturity: Measuring the development of socio-moral reflection. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Higgins, E.J. (2000). Social cognition: Learning about what matters in the world. European Jour-nal of Social Psychology, 30, 3-39.
- Jacobson, J., Heard, C.,& Fair, H. (20H). Prison: Evidence of its use and over-use_from aroundthe-world. ICPRandFair Trials, Londonp. 14
- Jennings, W. S., Kilkenny, R., & Kohlberg, L. (1983). Moral development theory and practice for youthful and adult offenders. In W. S. Laufer and J. M. Day (Eds.), Personality theory, moral development, and criminal behavior (pp. 281-355). Toronto: Lexington.
- Jerome, H. (1947). Principles of Criminal Law. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, p.20.
- Kohlberg, L., & Diessner, R. (1991). A cognitive-developmental approach to moral attachment In J.L. Gewirtz and W. M. Kurtmes (Eds.), Intersections-with attachment (pp. 229-246). Hillsdale, N. J. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ine.
- Leman, P. J. (2001). The development of moral reasoning. In C. Fraser, B. Burchell, A. Hay, and G. Duveen (Eds.), Introducing to social psychology (pp. 345-371). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
- Nelson, J. R., Smith, D. J., & Dodd, J. (1990). The moral reasoning of juvenile delinquent: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 231-239.
- Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Bebeau, M., & Thoma, S. J. (2000). A neo-Kohlbergian approach.. Journal of Moral Education, 2P(4), 381-395.
- Sutherland, E. H. (1939). Principles of Criminology. Philadelphia: J. Lipinicott.
- Tappan, P. (1947). Who is the Criminal? In S. Henry and M. Lanier (Eds.), What is Crime? (pp. 27-36). New York: Rowman and Little field Publishers, Inc.
- Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D.O. (2006). Social Psychology. N D: Pearson Prentice Hall.
- Personality and Criminal Thinking Styles of Offenders: A Theoretical Overview
Abstract Views :334 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Research, SOMAARTH, INCLEN Trust International, Mitrol, Aurangabad, Palwal, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Students Wellness (SWD), NSPIRA Management Services Private Limited, Telangana, IN
1 Department of Research, SOMAARTH, INCLEN Trust International, Mitrol, Aurangabad, Palwal, Haryana, IN
2 Department of Students Wellness (SWD), NSPIRA Management Services Private Limited, Telangana, IN
Source
IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, Vol 8, No 4-6 (2020), Pagination: 170-174Abstract
Personality and Criminal thinking styles have been studied globally along with other psychosocial variables as predictors of offending behavior. There are very few research evidences are available that have been carried out to see the association between personality and criminal thinking styles in offenders. Criminal thinking style is defined by Walters (2006b) as a“content, matter of thought and a process leading to the initiation and maintenance of behavior characterized by the habitual violation of the law”. “Personality is defined as a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings” (Allport, 1961). Yochelson and Samenow's Criminal Personality Theory emphasizes on the role of thinking error in criminal or offending behavior based on their idea of free will. Walters' Criminal Lifestyle Theory too further on highlighted the importance of thinking in criminality by incorporating three independent factors; external factor (condition), decision making process (choice) and mindset (cognition). This article is, therefore, an attempt to study personality and criminal thinking styles in offenders, and how it can have an effect on offending behavior. The description of the variables of personality and criminal thinking styles is elaborated in light with the existing appropriate theoretical model. Findings of different empirical studies conducted by researchers to understand personality factors and their association with criminal thinking styles in offenders are incorporated. The implications of the study have been highlighted as well.Keywords
Criminal Behavior, Personality, Criminal Thinking Styles.References
- Akers, R. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach. Belmont: Wadsworth.
- Akers, R., Krohn, M., Lanze-Kaduce, M., & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A test of general theory. American Sociological Review, 44, 636 55.
- Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
- Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. Routledge.
- Blackburn, R. (1993). The psychology of criminal conduct: Theory, research and practice. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons.
- Boduszek, D. (2010). Underlying psychological factors of criminal attitudes within exoffender population. Irish Psychologist, 36(6), 5.
- Boduszek, D., Gary, A., Mark, S., & Philip, H. (2012a). The role of personality in the relationship between criminal social identity and criminal thinking style within a sample of prisoners with learning difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 3, 1224.
- Boduszek, D., McLaughlin, C., & Hyland, P. (2011). Criminal attitudes of ex-prisoners: The role of personality, anti-social friends and recidivism. Internet Journal of Criminology, 9, 110.
- Boduszek, D., Philip, H., & Ashling, B. (2012c). An investigation of the role of personality, familial, and peer-related characteristics in homicidal offending using retrospective data. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 2, 96-106.
- Boduszek, D., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Hyland, P. (2013). Eysenck's personality model and criminal thinking style within a violent and nonviolent offender sample: Application of propensity score analysis. Deviant Behavior, 34(6), 483-493.
- Bulten, E., Henk, N., & Cees van der, S. (2009). Measuring criminal thinking style: The construct validity and utility of the PICTS in a Dutch prison sample. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14, 35-49.
- Cale, E. M. (2006). A quantitative review of the relations between the “Big 3” higher order personality dimensions and antisocial behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(3), 250-284.
- Center, D. B., Jackson, N., & Kemp, D. (2005). A test of Eysenck's antisocial behavior hypothesis employing 11-15 year old students dichotomous for PEN and L. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 393-402.
- Egan, V., McMurran, M., Richardson, C., & Blair, M. (2000). Criminal cognitions and personality: What does the PICTS really measure? Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10, 170-184.
- Engels, R. C., Luijpers, M. E., Landsheer, J., & Meeus, W. (2004). A longitudinal study of relations between attitudes and delinquent behavior in adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 244-260.
- Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a dimension of personality. New York: Crane, Russak and Co.
- Eysenck, H. J. (1977). Crime and personality. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- Eysenck, H. J. (1998). Personality and crime. In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket Smith, and R.D. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 40-49). Guilford, New York, NY.
- Eysenck, H. J., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (1989). The causes and cures of criminality. New York: Plenum Press.
- Fonseca, A. C., & Yule, W. (1995). Personality and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: An enquiry into Eysenck's and Gray's theories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(6), 767-781.
- Gudjonsson, G. H. (1997). The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales. Hove: Psychology Press.
- Hanson, R. K., Gizzarelli, R., & Scott, H. (1994). The attitudes of incest offenders: Sexual entitlement and acceptance of sex with children. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 21, 187-202.
- Hatch-Maillette, M. A., Scalora, M. J., Huss, M. T., & Baumgartner, J. V. (2001). Criminal thinking patterns: Are child molesters unique? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(1), 102-117.
- Heaven, P. C. L., Newbury, K., & Wilson, V. (2004). The Eysenck psychoticism dimension and delinquent behaviours among non-criminals: Changes across the lifespan? Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1817-1825.
- Kemp, D. E., & Center, D. B. (2003). An investigation of Eysenck's antisocial behavior hypothesis in general education students and students with behavior disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(6), 1359-1371.
- Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879-1890.
- Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: A dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V. Journal Abnormal Psychology, 114, 537-550.
- Levine, S. Z., & Jackson, C. J. (2004). Eysenck's theory of crime revisited: Factors or primary scales? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9(1), 135-152.
- Marziano, V., Ward, T., Beech, A. R., & Pattison, P. (2006). Identification of five fundamental implicit theories underlying cognitive distortions in child abusers: A preliminary study. Psychology, Crime and Law, 12(1), 97-105.
- McAdams, D. P. (1995). What do we know when we know a person? Journal of Personality, 63(3), 365-396.
- Mills, C. W. (2000). The sociological imagination. Oxford University Press.
- Mills, J. F., Kroner, D. G., & Hemmati, T. (2004). The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) the prediction of general and violent recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 717-733.
- Mitchell, D., & Tafrate, R. C. (2012). Conceptualization and measurement of criminal thinking: Initial validation of the criminogenic thinking profile. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56(7), 1080-1102.
- Nesdale, D., Maass, A., Kiesner, J., Durkin, K., Griffiths, J., & James, B. (2009). Effects of peer group rejection and a new group's norms on children's intergroup attitudes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 799-814.
- Savina, N. N. (2009). Endogenous factors of juvenile delinquency and the perspectives of its prognosing. International Journal of Academic Research, 1(2), 195-198.
- Sinha, S. (2016). Personality correlates of criminals: A comparative study between normal controls and criminals. Indian Psychiatry Journal, 25, 41-46.
- Stermac, L. E., & Segal, Z. V. (1989). Adult sexual contact with children: An examination of cognitive factors. Behavior Therapy, 20(4), 573-584.
- Sutherland, E. H., & Cressey, D. R. (1978). Criminology (8th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
- Sutherland, E. H. (1939). Principles of criminology. Philadelphia: J. Lipinicott.
- Sutherland, E. H., Cressey, D. R., & Luckenbill, D. F. (1992). Principles of criminology. Dix Hills, N.Y.: General Hall.
- Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22, 664-670.
- Thomas, K. M., Yalch, M. M., Krueger, R. F., Wright, A. G., Markon, K. E., & Hopwood, C. J. (2013). The convergent structure of DSM-5 personality trait facets and fivefactor model trait domains. Assessment, 20(3), 308-311.
- Van Dam, C., Janssens, J. M., & Bruyn, de, E.E. (2005). PEN, big five, juvenile delinquency and criminal recidivism. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 719.
- Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R.E. (2000). Influence of deviant friends on delinquency: Searching for moderator variables. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28(4), 313-325.
- Walker, J. S., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2006). The maudsley violence questionnaire: Relationship to personality and self-reported offending. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(4), 795-806.
- Walters, G. D. (1990). The criminal life style: Patterns of serious criminal conduct. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Walters, G. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles, part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 437-455.
- Walters, G. D. (2006b). Proactive and reactive composite scales for the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 42(2), 23-36.
- Walters, G. D. (2009). Criminal thinking. In M. McMurran and R. C. Howard (Eds.), Personality, personality disorder, and violence (pp. 281-295). Chichester, England: Wiley.
- Yochelson, S., & Samenow, S. E. (1976). The Criminal Personality: The Change Process. 1985.-Xvi, 578 S. Aronson.